2025 Практикум ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Раздел "Чтение". Задание № 10

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Getting bigger 2. The weather in Paris 3. Why live in Paris? 4. Key facts 5. Becoming stronger 6. Location 7. A rich place 8. The jewel of Paris A. Paris is the capital city of France. It is situated in the north-central part of the country. People were living on the site of the present-day city, located along the Seine River by about 7600 BC. The modern city has spread far beyond both banks of the Seine. Paris is by far the country’s most important centre of commerce and culture. The area of the city is 41 square miles (105 square km); the population of Paris and its suburbs is approximately 10 million people. B. For centuries Paris has been one of the world’s most important and attractive cities. It is appreciated for the opportunities it offers for business and commerce, for study, culture, and entertainment; its gastronomy, haute couture, painting, literature, and intellectual community especially enjoy an enviable reputation. It is called the City of Light and it lives up to its reputation being an important centre for education and intellectual pursuits. C. Paris is situated at a crossroads of both water and land routes significant not only to France but also to Europe. It has had a continuing influence on its growth. Under Roman administration, in the 1st century BC, the original site on the Île de la Cité was designated the capital of the territory. Under King Hugh Capet (ruled 987 – 996), the preeminence of Paris was firmly established, and Paris became a political and cultural hub as modern France took shape. D. Paris is located on the western side of Europe and in a plain relatively close to the sea. Thanks to the Gulf Stream, it has a fairly temperate climate. The weather can be very changeable, however, especially in the winter and spring, when the wind can be sharp and cold. The annual average temperature is roughly 12 °C; the July average is about 19 °C, and the January average is about 3 °C. The temperature drops below freezing for about a month each year, and snow falls on such days. E. At the eastern end of the Île de la Cité we can see the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. It is situated on a spot that Parisians have always reserved for the practice of religious rites. Like all cathedrals in France, Notre-Dame is the property of the state, although its operation as a religious institution is left entirely to the Roman Catholic Church. The cathedral looks stunning. It is certainly the most famous landmark in Paris, attracting millions of tourists each year. F. In 1850, Paris had approximately 600,000 inhabitants. It then grew rapidly as industrial expansion attracted a constant stream of people from the provinces. By 1870, the population had surpassed 1,000,000, and by 1931 the conurbation contained some 5,000,000 people, more than half of them living in the city of Paris, the administrative city within the old gates. After World War II, this growth continued, and in the early 21st century Greater Paris had over 10 million people. G. Paris is not only the political and cultural capital of France but also its major financial and commercial centre. It is a very wealthy city, home to many vast private fortunes, both of French and foreign origin. It serves as the base for numerous international business concerns, and even if large French firms have their manufacturing plants in the provinces, nearly all keep their headquarters in Paris, conveniently close to major banks and key ministries.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Importance to people 2. Types of migrating birds 3. A way of spending free time 4. Where birds migrate 5. Behaviour and feeding habits 6. Causes of bird extinction 7. Causes of bird migration 8. Where birds live A. Birds are distinguished from all other animals by their feathers. Some types of birds live alone most of the time. Other types are more social. They may sleep, fly, and nest in groups called flocks. Birds use different sounds to communicate with one another. For example, some baby chicks stop moving when their mother produces a danger call. They may also sing to announce that a certain patch of land belongs to them. Many types eat insects. Some water birds catch fish. Many other types eat plant material. B. Birds are found almost everywhere on Earth. There are more than 10,000 types of birds. All birds have similar features. The loss of a complete bird species may be inevitable because they are too sensitive to rapid changes. Birds living on small islands, or in desert or mountainous regions, can be vulnerable to slight changes in climate, while even minor disruptions of forest habitats can affect the breeding habits and survival of others. In some regions, it is the hunting of birds, for sport or to trade their pelts, that is the greatest threat. C. Birds have spread throughout all parts of Earth because of their ability to fly. They live in a great variety of habitats, including fields, forests, grasslands, deserts, marshes, islands, and the open ocean. The size of an area and the diversity of the habitats help determine the number of species found in a given area. Many birds migrate, or fly long distances between their winter and summer homes. For example, many European birds travel to Africa for the winter. This helps them find enough food year-round. D. Every bird when it is seen for the first time brings a thrill of discovery. The spring migration is a fresh wonder every year. The surprise and delight of coming across a rarity and the difficulty of keeping it in view long enough to be sure of what it is help to make bird-watching an endless fascination. Birdwatching is a hobby that can be enjoyed for a lifetime. In bird clubs the membership ranges in age from young children to grandparents. Bird-watching can combine healthy outdoor activity with the pursuit of beauty and knowledge. E. Some birds never move far from where they were born whereas others migrate and can travel huge distances in the process. Birds migrate from one summer season to the other. Although they take a lot of risk when they migrate, for many of them it significantly improves their chances of survival and allows them to raise more offspring in another region. Birds migrate to move from areas of low or decreasing resources to areas of high or increasing resources. F. Birds and their eggs have been sources of food for humans since their origin and still are in most societies. With the rise of agriculture, birds became important to farmers. In their constant search for food, wild birds eat huge numbers of insects, weed seeds, and rodents. Insects, weeds, and rodents cut down the amount of food the farmer can harvest from field, garden, and orchard. Many people keep birds as pets. Small finches and parrots are especially popular. Zoological parks are a source of recreation for millions of people each year. G. Migration is often annual. It is closely linked with the cyclic pattern of the seasons. It is most evident among birds, which have a highly efficient means of travelling swiftly over long distances. The migration of most birds is a yearly cycle. Not all birds migrate. Permanent residents do not migrate. They are able to find adequate supplies of food year-round. Short-distance migrants move only a short distance. Medium-distance migrants cover distances that span from one to several states. There are also long-distance migrants.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Various activities to do 2. Seeing wild animals 3. Funny names 4. Seaside observation point 5. Almost at the shore 6. Quiet places to explore 7. Different tactics 8. Pet-friendly booking A. The English have a very ironic sense of humour, and it may become clear when you discover what some of the towns and villages across England and the United Kingdom are called. Some are hilarious, while others are just plain rude. It is important to keep an eye out when you pass through the English countryside to see if you can spot a few on your travels. There’s Sheepy Parva and Sheepy Magna in Lancashire, Greedy Gut in Somerset, No Place in Derbyshire. There is always something to keep people entertained during their trip! B. England is part of the British Isles and a large archipelago off the coast of Europe. It is not a very big country. In fact, you could fit all the United Kingdom, that is, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, inside Texas, the USA, over 2.8 times. So, it shouldn’t come as too much surprise to know that you are never far from the sea when you are in England. In fact, even if you are standing in the very center of the country, you are still no more than 70 miles away from the coast. What a shame that the English weather doesn’t often encourage a beach day! C. Badgers are not always a farmer’s best friends, but Badger Watch farm in the deepest rural Dorset has decided to exploit rather than fight Britain’s cutest large mammals. Extremely difficult to spot, a badger seen in the wild is an unforgettable experience. Two specially designed hides at Badger Watch Dorset offer one of the best chances of finding one. Each hide can be booked privately for up to eight people, from 6.30 pm until the lights are shut off at midnight. Alongside badgers, the hides offer a good chance of seeing foxes, deer, and rabbits. D. Holidays are the best opportunity to explore the UK and overseas territories, spending quality time with family or friends including a four-legged one. In fact, holidays are the best excuse to go on some nice dog adventure and give your dog the best time. To plan your perfect holiday, it’s a matter of finding a place suitable for dogs. The good news is that there is more choice than you may think. We found that almost all holiday accommodation and hotels have a filter which you can use to navigate your options, although some are better presented than others. E. The Hebrides are a beautiful archipelago, where Scottish Gaelic is still spoken. Each day will be a combination of relaxation and adventure. On a full day’s excursion, we may spend four or five hours in the kayaks and cover between seven and ten miles, with plenty of opportunities to land and explore islands on foot. One of the best ways to explore its coastline and spot some of the many bird species, otters and seals is by kayak. We can offer full-day guided trips, taking in hidden coves, long sandy beaches, and hidden ancient sites. F. You never forget your first whale. Such sightings are, of course, down to good fortune and timing, but once you’ve seen your first whale, you will want to see another and another. Famous for its whaling fleet, the Yorkshire coast is one of the best places in England to spot Minke whales, which appear in late summer, following the mackerel. From the coastline of the Outer Hebrides, you can spot up to 23 species of whales, more than a quarter of the world’s 89 known species, which pass through the waters off the west coast of Scotland. G. In summer the possibility of finding a calm area away from the crowds of holiday-goers can be a difficult task. Known as the Heritage Coast, the Northumberland coast area of outstanding natural beauty is surprisingly crowd- free, even in high summer. If you’re willing to relax, you’ll find a number of excellent bathing beaches here. Heritage hunters and nature watchers are spoiled with fantastically arresting castles. Most striking is the mighty fortress at Bamburgh. Many architectural historians have declared this the most wondrous of all England’s coastal castles.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Figuratively speaking 2. Silver versus gold 3. Key facts 4. Precious doctor 5. Useful in many ways 6. The history of silver 7. Silver symbols 8. Potentially dangerous A. Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the Latin ‘argentum’, meaning ‘shiny’). Its atomic number is 47. Silver is a soft, white metal which exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of any metal. Silver is found in the Earth’s crust in a pure, free elemental form (the so-called ‘native silver’) together with gold and other metals, and in some minerals. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, or zinc refining. B. Other than in currency and as an investment medium, silver is used in solar panels, water filtration, jewelry and silverware making, in electrical contacts and conductors, mirrors and so on. You may not know this, but silver is also necessary for window coatings, in the catalysis of chemical reactions, and even as a colorant in stained glass and in specialized confectionery. Its compounds are also used in photographic and X-ray film and making bandages and wound dressings. C. In medicine, silver is incorporated into wound dressings and used as an antibiotic coating in medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver are used to treat external infections. Silver is also used in some medical applications, such as catheters and breathing tubes. This is because the silver ion is bioactive and in sufficient concentrations it successfully kills harmful bacteria. Silver compounds are easily taken into the body like mercury, but lack the toxicity of the latter. D. Silver compounds have low toxicity compared to those of most other heavy metals as they are poorly absorbed by the human body. However, some silver compounds are caustic and can cause stomach and breathing disorders. Animals repeatedly dosed with silver salts have been observed to experience slowed growth and liver and kidney problems. Colloidal silver causes poisoning. Some waterborne species are particularly sensitive to silver salts and those of other precious metals. E. Silver plays a certain role in mythology and has been used in folklore. Greek poets often used silver to denote somebody or something which is second best. In folklore, silver was commonly thought to have mystical powers. For example, a silver bullet in folk tales is supposed to be the only effective weapon against monsters. In many books, however, silver also represents greed and degradation of consciousness; this is the negative aspect, the unfair treatment of its value. F. Silver was one of the seven metals that were known to prehistoric humans and whose discovery is thus lost to history. In particular, three metals – copper, silver, and gold – occur in elemental form in nature and were probably used as the first primitive forms of money, as opposed to simple bartering. Since silver is more reactive than gold, supplies of native silver were much more limited than those of gold. For example, silver was more expensive than gold in Egypt. G. The English language has a lot of phrases and idioms with the word ‘silver’. If a person is very lucky, they say that this person was born with ‘a silver spoon in their mouth’. If you want to encourage somebody who has problems, you may say that ‘every cloud has a silver lining’ and eventually things will turn out fine. You say that ‘speech is silver, but silence is golden’ when you are not happy with somebody’s words. It is certainly interesting to learn about such expressions.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. How did they do it? 2. Comfortable living 3. Designing a building 4. The longest on Earth 5. Building materials 6. Invented by accident 7. Safe travel 8. Why seasons change A. Most of Africa’s rural peoples use natural resources that are locally available for their homes. In grasslands, people typically use grass to cover the walls and roofs. In forested areas, they use hardwoods as well as bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major resources used in construction. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of making permanent homes, they usually use simple shelters or tents made of animal skins and woven hair. B. An architect must consider how a structure will be used and by whom. An apartment building, a palace, a hospital, a museum, an airport, and a sports arena all have different construction requirements. Another factor is the ideas the structure should communicate. For example, some buildings are made to impress people with a display of power and wealth; others – to make everyone feel welcome. Other things to consider are the location and surrounding environment, including weather, and the cost of materials. C. Did you know that an eleven-year-old child first created the Popsicle? The boy’s name was Frank Epperson. In 1905, Frank left a mixture of water and powdered soda out on his porch by mistake. It also contained a stir stick. That night, fortunately for Frank, the temperatures fell to a record low. As a result, he discovered the substance had frozen to the stick, and a frozen fruit flavoured ice treat was created. He decided to call it the epsicle, which was later patented by him and named as Popsicle. D. As Earth goes around the sun, the North Pole points to the same direction in space. For about six months every year, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere and more hours of daylight. During the other six months, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. When the Northern Hemisphere gets the most sunlight, it experiences spring and summer. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere gets autumn and winter. E. In southern Peru, there is an isolated plateau where the wind almost never blows. Here, around the year 400 to 650 AD, the people of the Nazca culture created the famous Nazca lines, by removing the red stones covering the ground so that the white earth beneath was visible. These Nazca lines are actually portraits of animals such as monkeys, birds or fish. It is a mystery how such a primitive civilization could create such artwork with precision when they had no means of viewing their work from the air. F. Antarctica, which is the southernmost and fifth largest continent, does not have twenty-four-hour periods divided into days and nights. In the South Pole, the sun rises on about September 21 and moves in a circular path until it sets on about March 22. This “day”, or summer, is six months long. During this period, if the weather conditions are good, the sun can be seen twenty-four hours a day. From March 22 until September 21, the South Pole is dark, and Antarctica has its “night”, or winter. G. Any ship that hits an iceberg can be damaged. The most famous iceberg in history sank the “Titanic”, a ship travelling in the northern Atlantic Ocean, on April 15, 1912. The ship’s side scraped the iceberg, which tore holes in the hull. Within three hours, the ship was at the bottom of the ocean. After the loss of the “Titanic”, several nations worked together to establish the International Ice Patrol. Today the U.S. Coast Guard runs the patrol, which warns ships about icebergs floating in Atlantic shipping routes.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Eco-friendly 2. Teen inventor 3. Positive thinking 4. Natural resources 5. More useful information 6. Invented by accident 7. Different task 8. Dangerous behaviour A. After a major fire swept through London in 1666, destroying two thirds of the city, architects began planning to rebuild the city. Sir Christopher Wren, who by this time had proven himself as a building designer, was responsible for drawing up plans for reconstructing London, but they were not used. Instead, he was asked to build the new St. Paul’s Cathedral. The building had been destroyed in the fire, and while it might have been possible to reconstruct it, a decision was made to build a new cathedral in a modern style. B. In the past mapmakers used drawings to show where things such as castles and mountains were located. The drawings were large so they could be clearly seen. Such artwork was nice to look at and easy to understand. However, it produced maps that were disorderly and not very detailed. Over time, maps became simpler. Mapmakers replaced pictures with symbols, each symbol representing one particular thing. A map may have different symbols for cities, rivers, lakes, roads, railroad tracks, and so on. C. The Ural Mountains of Russia form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. The Urals are about 2,500 kilometres long. They extend from the Kara Sea in the north to the Ural River in the south. The highest peak is Mount Narodnaya, at 1,895 metres. The economy of the Urals depends on mineral supplies. Mountain mines produce iron ore, copper, chromite, gold, silver, and platinum. Factories make metal goods, chemicals, and machinery. The huge forests of the Urals provide valuable wood. D. Easton LaChappelle built his first robotic hand using Lego parts, tubing, and electrical tape at age 14. Easton used the Internet to learn programming, electronics, mechanics, and design, and then he created a robotic hand, which won third place at the 2011 Colorado State science fair. At age 17, he built an arm controlled by a wireless headset that communicates brainwaves to the hand. These days, Easton is so well known that he gives talks before adult audiences and is recognized in the 3D and robotics worlds. E. Which is more important, texting or safety? If you are looking at your phone while walking, you might not see a car approach or traffic light turn red. Texting while walking is unsafe, not only on the road but also in other places. For example, in China, one person drowned in a canal and another got her leg stuck in a drain, because both had their mind on their phone. Some people suggest that we should make texting while crossing the street illegal so we see fewer “smartphone zombies” on the street and keep them alive as humans. F. For most people, plastic bags are a necessary part of any shopping trip. However, there is an opinion that communities should limit the use of plastic bags. Every year, 485 billion plastic bags are not recycled. Some end up in the ocean and can cause harm to sea life. Placing a small tax on plastic bags might encourage shoppers to bring their own reusable bags to stores. Reusable bags would cut down waste and save the environment. Businesses would also save money by not having to provide as many plastic bags to customers. G. In a new study, researchers gave a math test to 240 children ages 7 to 10. They found out that when children believed they were good at math, they did better on the test. Previously, scientists thought it was important to enjoy math in order to be good at it. However, the new study shows that it is also important to believe you can become good at something. That is what improves your ability to learn. A good attitude opens the door to higher achievement, which means you then have a better attitude, getting you into a good cycle of learning.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Young helpers 2. Importance of discipline 3. Home education 4. Awkward moments 5. A warm welcome 6. Daddy day care 7. Sibling rivalry 8. Methods of persuasion A. Family reunions can be a joyous occasion and an opportunity to meet new family members as well. Our parents have aunts, uncles and cousins that we may only meet once or twice in life. Often, though, meeting an extended family member can be like meeting a complete stranger. You’re not even sure you will like them, and the whole affair can feel a bit odd or uncomfortable. B. Traditionally, the mother is the primary caregiver to an infant child. She takes time off work and stays at home to provide round-the-clock attention during the child’s early years. But recently, more and more men are taking paternity leave from work to stay at home with their new-borns. Mothers find it a welcome trend, as caring for an infant can be exhausting work. C. While it’s true that kids must carry out their responsibilities just as adults do, sometimes Mum and Dad have to be a bit crafty to make it happen. They have to offer a little reward for a job well done. It may not be good practice to do it all the time, but if they promise a trip to the cinema, for example, the kids will be more likely to clean their rooms. D. Many families live far away from one another these days. They may have moved across the country, or even to the other side of the world. It’s especially hard for parents to see their children do this, either for work or for adventure. So when special occasions come round, especially the holiday seasons, Mum and Dad are so grateful when their sons and daughters return home. E. Sometimes a household is nothing but chaos for days on end. This is especially true when kids reach their adolescent phase, and you have a couple of teenagers who compete over every little thing in life. No matter how often parents attempt to stop two kids from fighting each other, nothing seems to work. They just have to wait until one of them moves away to university! F. In most families, parents have to constantly remind their children of their responsibilities. But there are times when kids can be especially useful round the house of their own will. They also understand those times when Mum or Dad isn’t feeling well, and maybe it would be nice if they made dinner for a change or did a little extra tidying up in the living room. G. Relationships in the family are complex. Parents are the carers of their children, but they are their friends, too, and in both senses they would never do anything to hurt them. But parents must never forget their role as figures of authority. They have to explain what’s right and wrong and make sure their kids do it. They’ve also got to provide the punishment when their kids behave badly.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Don't forget to rest 2. Write down and revise 3. Information and technology 4. Never put off till tomorrow 5. Set realistic targets 6. Study plans per week 7. Find a place to your liking 8. More important at college A. Today’s young generation will also need to master a new skill – digital literacy. Digital literacy can be defined as “the ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share, and create content using information technologies and the Internet”. Digital literacy, by this definition, encompasses a wide range of skills, all of which are necessary to succeed in an increasingly digital world. Students who lack digital literacy skills may soon find themselves at a disadvantage. As technology changes, students also need to keep updated. B. The key to becoming an effective student is learning how to study smarter, not harder. This becomes more and more true as you advance in your education. An hour or two of studying a day is usually sufficient to make it through high school with satisfactory grades, but when college arrives, there aren’t enough hours in the day to squeeze all your studying in if you don’t know how to make your study efficient without skipping sleep or meals. The vast majority of successful college students achieve their success by developing and applying effective study habits. C. Ever find yourself up late at night expending more energy trying to keep your eyelids open than you are studying? If so, it’s time for a change. Successful students typically space their work out over shorter periods of time and rarely try to cram all of their studying into just one or two sessions. If you want to become a successful student, then you need to learn to be consistent in your studies and to have regular, yet shorter, study sessions, with periods of rest in between. That will give your brain time to process the new information. D. Successful students schedule specific times throughout the week when they are going to study – and then they stick with their schedule. Students who study sporadically and whimsically typically do not perform as well as students who have a set study schedule. Сreating a weekly routine, where you set aside a period of time a few days a week, to review your courses will ensure you develop habits that will enable you to succeed in your education long term. You won’t get stressed or overwhelmed by portioning your workload. E. It is very easy, and common, to put off your study session because of lack of interest in the subject, because you have other things you need to get done, or just because the assignment is hard and needs effort and perseverance. Successful students do not procrastinate studying. If you procrastinate your study session, your studying will become less effective and you may not get everything accomplished that you need to. Procrastination also leads to rushing, and rushing is the number one cause of errors. F. Always make sure to take good notes in class. Before you start each study session, and before you start a particular assignment, review your notes thoroughly to make sure you know how to complete the assignment correctly. Reviewing before each study session will help you remember important subject matter learned during the day, and make sure your studying is targeted and effective. Successful students also look through what they have written down at their lectures and seminars during the week over the weekend. G. Everyone gets distracted by something: TV, or maybe family. Some people actually study better with a little background noise. When you’re distracted while studying you lose your train of thought and are unable to focus – both of which will lead to very ineffective studying. Before you start, find a place where you won’t be disturbed. For some people this is a quiet cubical in the recesses of the library. For others it is in a common area where there is little background noise. For some it may be a park or a garden – there are so many options to choose from!

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Managing your diet 2. Profitable for business 3. Change of taste 4. Managing your finances 5. Out of business 6. Good housekeeping 7. Staying organised 8. Change of climate A. If you’re looking for investment opportunities, there are various money magazines that can help you put your money in the right place. Everyone wants to make the most of their hard-earned cash and no one can afford to lose it all on a bad trading venture. If you read up on the financial industry and seize on the good trends, you’ll be laughing all the way to the bank. B. Staying in a hotel isn’t always luxurious, but it should at least be clean. No one likes using a basin or shower that’s got a bit of dirt in it, and bed sheets should be fresh and well-made. Even if the room starts off clean, it can soon become messy if the maid service doesn’t come every day. Every hotel should been kept neat and in good order. C. If you’ve ever had to move to the other side of the world, you’ll know it can take a long while to adjust, especially to simple things like the weather. If you’re used to experiencing four distinct seasons in the year, then you move to the tropics, you might find yourself missing the snow. Naturally, if you hated snow in the first place, the warm weather would be a welcome experience. D. Some people have to watch what they eat because their system simply won’t allow them to tolerate some things. For example, there are people who are allergic to dairy products, so they must avoid milk and anything made from it. Other people are prone to high cholesterol, so they have to avoid meat a bit more often than others. Anyone who suffers from a wheat allergy has to avoid certain breads. E. Hotels have to modernise just like everything else. Why go on holiday and stay in a place that makes you feel as though you’ve stepped back into the 1970s? It may be clean and professionally staffed, but it’s not nice to look at orange curtains or flowery carpets. If a hotel spends a little money and updates its image, people will be more likely to stay there and come back. F. There are many difficult things about moving, especially when it comes to unpacking. It’s helpful if you’ve got every box labelled, but still, if you’ve just moved in and you’re in a hurry for something, it can be quite frustrating trying to find it. You have to stop and think, ‘Where did I put it?’ It’s probably best to get everything unpacked straight away and put it in the right place. G. If a company is not doing well, perhaps it’s wise to hire an advisor. This person can tell the directors how much they should be spending on one or more expenses, and how they can better organise their company. After all, a company can’t continue to succeed if it’s not able to hold onto the money that comes into it.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. Preparing for danger 2. Technology and medicine 3. Interesting sightseeing 4. Unusual and extremely difficult 5. Nice to look at and good for you 6. Central structure 7. Indoors and outdoors 8. Cold variety A. All Souls College is one of the most mysterious institutions at Oxford University. It was founded in the 1400s and stopped accepting undergraduates in the 19th century. Instead, the college accepts applications only from those who have already achieved the best undergraduate degrees in the country, and asks its applicants to take an entrance exam, which is thought to be the hardest in the world. For example, before 2010 one of the tasks was to write an essay on a single word. Previous words have included “water”, “style”, “innocence”, and “conversion”. B. In the 1900s, scientists began using electronic devices to treat living things. They developed special instruments to help people with disabilities. Some devices, such as hearing aids and kidney dialysis machines, operate outside the body. Doctors place other electrical devices inside the body. For example, pacemakers help keep hearts beating steadily. In addition, scientists learned how to cut and rejoin genes which is called genetic engineering. This may help cure human diseases. C. Water from hot springs very often contains minerals dissolved from the rocks. Such springs are called mineral springs. Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water. The minerals and organisms that grow in the water give beautiful colors to the pools and wet rocks around hot springs. Since ancient times people have thought that such springs were good for their health. They have traveled there to drink and bathe in the waters. Many spas and resorts grew up around these picturesque springs. D. As it is well known, snow consists of tiny crystals of ice. Snowfall is made up of both single ice crystals and clumps of ice crystals, which are called snowflakes. The way that ice crystals join together gives every snowflake a unique design. Even so, most snowflakes have six points or six sides. They form seven basic shapes: stars, needles, dendrites (having branches), plates, columns, columns capped with plates, and irregular (damaged). What shape a snowflake takes depends on the temperature and the amount of moisture in the cloud. E. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions, may cause deadly ocean waves called tsunamis. By the time a tsunami reaches shore, it has gained tremendous size and power which is enough to destroy entire coastal villages or towns. Tsunamis cannot be stopped, but there are ways to defend against them. Scientists around the world watch for early signs of earthquakes. They also note unusual changes in ocean levels. With this information, scientists can warn people to leave areas that a tsunami might hit. F. In order to study things under controlled conditions, some ecologists work in laboratories. For example, they can experiment to see how plants react to different amounts of light or water. Such studies are harder in a natural setting because weather and other natural conditions cannot be controlled. However, many ecologists do work in natural settings. They look at all the different factors that affectecosystems, or communities of living things. Studies in the outdoors are useful because they show what is actually happening in the environment. G. Several cities in Russia were built around fortresses called kremlins. A kremlin was often located along a river. A wall, a moat, and towers usually separated it from the surrounding parts of the city. Kremlins contained cathedrals and palaces for princes and bishops as well as government offices and weapons of war. The most famous kremlin is in central Moscow, which is often called just the Kremlin. It has long been a symbol of Russia’s power. UNESCO declared the Kremlin and Red Square a World Heritage site in 1990.