Reading Test. Cloning. 11 Class. Focus on NSEQ

Match the heading to the short text. It is considered to be a process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either naturally or artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction.

Match the heading to the short text. It is a chemical that presents at the centre of the cells of living things, that controls the structure and purpose of each cell and carries genetic information during reproduction. It is is a molecule that is composed of two polynucleotide chains coiling around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all of the known organisms and many viruses.

Match the heading to the short text. It is a natural form of reproduction that has allowed life forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. It is the reproduction method used by plants, fungi, and bacteria, and is also the way that clonal colonies reproduce themselves. Examples of these organisms include blueberry plants, hazel trees, the Pando trees, the Kentucky coffeetree, Myrica and the American sweetgum.

Match the heading to the short text. It means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium. However, in the case of cell cultures from multicellular organisms, this process is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in the standard environment.

Match the heading to the short text. Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species, and it is referred to reproductions of organisms by themself without mates. This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes, fish and lizards, the Komodo dragons and several whiptails.

Match the heading to the short text. It refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production.

Match the heading to the short text. It is also called reproductive cloning. This process refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another organism. In essence, this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilisation or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows. There are a lot of ethical debates over whether or not cloning should be used. However, cloning or asexual propagation has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years.

Match the heading to the short text. It is the simplest unit of a chemical substance. It usually consists of a group of two or more atoms. It is the smallest unit into which a substance can be divided without chemical change.

Match the heading to the short text. It can be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned human beings which are called "reproductive cloning". The goal is to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease.

Match the heading to the short text. It is the smallest basic unit of a plant or an animal. DNA is stored in the nucleus of this basic unit. The fission of this basic unit could be inhibited with certain chemicals.